A student will drop water balloons into four containers to determine which container best minimizes the collision force on the water balloons so that they do not break.

 

Select two variables that the student must keep constant during testing to determine which container best minimizes the collision force on the water balloons.

A person pushes a refrigerator across a floor with a horizontal force of 400 N. The free-body force diagram represents all of the forces acting on the refrigerator.

 

 

Based on the free-body force diagram, as the refrigerator moves across the floor, the refrigerator’s velocity is

If the person applies a greater force to the refrigerator, the arrow representing the applied force should be

Two wave pulses move toward each other with equal speed, as shown in the diagram.

 

Part A: Which wave behavior will occur when the waves reach each other?

 

Newton’s universal law of gravitation and Coulomb’s law have mathematical formulas that look similar.

 

Which of the following is a difference between the forces described by these two laws?

A 0.02 kg block was pushed so that it moved to the right with an initial velocity of 1.5 m/s. At 1.25 s, the 0.02 kg block collided with a 0.01 kg block, which caused the 0.01 kg block to move to the right at 2 m/s, as shown in the diagrams.

 

 

Which of the following graphs shows the velocity of the 0.02 kg block before and after the collision?

Some students set up a demonstration that involved shining light on a penny and a screen behind the penny. Based on their observations, the students made the model shown.

 

The students claim that the model shows light acting like a wave. Select the two pieces of evidence that support the students’ claim.

In the diagram, the north pole of one magnet is shown facing the north pole of the other magnet. The two magnets are separated by a distance, d.

 

 

Which of the following changes would increase the potential energy stored in the field between the magnets?

A student studied the momentum and velocity of two objects, X and Y. The student collected the data in the table.

 

 

The change in momentum of object X was

The next four questions (#33 through #37) focus on the physics of a machine designed to turn on a light bulb.

 

Read the information below and use it to answer the selected-response questions and constructed-response question that follow.

 

A student designed a complex machine to turn on a light bulb. A diagram of the student’s design is shown.

 

 

The circled numbers in the diagram refer to the steps that occurred when the student used the machine to turn on the light bulb.

 

Several types of energy conversion took place during the steps.

 

 

 

The student’s machine turned on the light bulb by closing the circuit, but the student wanted the light bulb to be brighter. The original circuit is shown.

 

 

Which of the following circuits should the student use so that the light bulb will be brighter than it was in the original circuit?

When the student first tested the machine, it did not turn on the light bulb. The marble was pushed off the table by the spring but went too far and missed the ramp, as shown.

 

 

Which of the following changes would result in the marble landing on the ramp?

Open response question #37 is at the end of the page.

 

The mass, velocity, and kinetic energy for three types of vehicles are shown in the table.

 

 

Which of the following best describes the momentum of two of the vehicles?

A student is trying to determine the specific heat of a metal sample. The student heats the sample and then places it in an insulated container with 300 g of 20°C water. The student knows that the specific heat of water is 4.19 J/g • °C.

 

Select three additional measurements the student must make to determine the specific heat of the metal sample.

A 3.2 kg block is being pulled to the right on a frictionless surface by a force of 50 N, as shown.

 

 

Part A: Which free-body force diagram best represents the forces acting on the block as it is pulled to the right?

A. Compare the magnitude of the net force on the cup with the magnitude of the net force on the disc when the cup and the disc were both at rest.

Explain your reasoning.

 

B. Compare the mass of the cup with the mass of the disc when the cup and the disc were both at rest.

Explain your reasoning.

 

C. The marble rolled into the cup. Describe how the direction of the net force on the cup changed as the marble rolled into the cup.

Explain your reasoning.

 

A. Explain why the light bulb turns on when the magnet is falling through the tube.

B. Describe two changes to the investigation that would increase the brightness of the light bulb.

C. Describe how the relationship between electricity and motion in this investigation is different from the relationship

between electricity and motion in an electric motor.